High power microwave energy can generate a coagulated region at the surface of the biological tissue such as organs. By coagulating organs, bleeding can be stopped. However, a microwave surgical device cannot cut the tissue without any device support, such as a blade. On the other hand, radio frequency (RF) current capable of cutting tissue without any support. This study presents a combination of a forceps type microwave surgical device combined with RF current for biological tissue cutting mechanism. Furthermore, ten sealed porcine blood vessels, sealed by the device, capability to withstand pressure were measured. Sealed blood vessels can withstand up to 200 mmHg of pressure and sufficient to withstand human blood pressure.

Dielectrophoresis (DEP) single cell in-flow techniques were employed to quantitatively measure the Clausius-Mossotti factor spectrum of individual cells over the 300 kHz 400 MHz range, covering both the MF and UHF DEP cross-over frequencies. Experiments were performed on Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, one set cultured in growth media, the other in nutrient depleted media to induce apoptotic cells. Both cell states were measured using multi-frequency DEP flow cytometry, which provides the equivalent complex dielectric permittivity of individual cells. The measured dielectric spectra facilitate determination of a cell’s morphology and the dielectric properties of its intracellular compartments, and are used to develop multi-shell dielectric models of viable and non-viable cells. The developed dielectric models can aid in biosensor design, in interpretation of bulk biomedia measurements where the heterogeneity in cell population can be masked, and in relating measured dielectric responses of cells to stimuli with changes in cellular physiology.

Therefore, in this research, the technique of non-invasive heat focalization in multiple tumors, simultaneously, without affecting healthy tissue based on adaptive beamforming was investigated and presented. It is done by controlling the feeding of the antenna array surrounding the brain using a modified hybrid version of gravitational search algorithm and particle swarm optimization (MGSA-PSO). An antenna system in the form of a head helmet was designed and evaluated with 48 antenna elements each of them has a separate excitation that controls the field intensity and beamforming direction towards the tumors. Many scenarios considering a single tumor in different positions with different volumes or multiple tumors are studied to evaluate the performance of the applicator. The helmet was tested on the challenging scenario of a very mature and dense brain with realistic thermal and dielectric properties. The results confirmed the ability of the helmet technology and the proposed antenna system to use a microwave power of 65 W to lift the neoplasm temperature to over 42oC while keeping healthy tissue safe at 37 degrees with none hot spots. Furthermore, the results showed the capability of the proposed model to treat multiple tumors simultaneously.

Size reduction techniques are applied on the embedded resonators that are optimized to exhibit an enhanced sensitivity to track the variations of the glucose level across a frequency span from 1.25 GHz to 2.65 GHz. The proposed flexible filter is tested pre-clinically and clinically, where a high correlation between its scattering parameters and the variations in glucose levels is attained. Regression models are also developed using experimental data obtained from healthy patients that are subjected to glucose tolerance tests. Results demonstrate less than 4% mean absolute relative difference between the reference and estimated glucose levels, and the predicted glucose levels lie 100% within the clinically acceptable zones as shown by the Clarke Error Grid analysis.

These materials are selected to achieve high dielectric properties and realistic distribution of knee tissues in addition to long-life stability. A positive mold of muscle tissue and a negative mold of skin tissue are extracted from MRI data, whilst the positive molds for bones, tendons, ligaments, and tibia are extracted from a 1:1 commercial knee joint model. Due to a lack of data about dielectric properties of human knee ligaments in microwave frequency (0.5-10 GHz), dog’s ligament tissues are characterized. The fabricated tissues of the knee phantom are stable and accurately match the dielectric properties of knee tissues across the wideband 0.5 GHz to 10 GHz. The phantom will open the door for a portable, low cost, and onsite electromagnetic imaging techniques to detect knee injuries.

To evaluate the system’s performance with respect to post-biopsy site markers, we then show investigations of the system performance with the same phantom and a biopsy marker attached to a glandular insertion with and without an embedded tumor, and compare the imaging results to those phantoms without the biopsy marker. We conclude that our RF radar can detect the tumor despite the presence of a biopsy site marker, and that the conductive titanium marker does not interfere with the system’s intended function.